This can happen either because a subclass includes a slot specifier with the same name as a slot specified in a superclass or because multiple superclasses specify slots with the same name. In the edge case, when the software is relatively simple web service while an infrastructure contains WAF and API Gateway deployed in front of the AWS Lambda Functions running across multiple AZ, the response time may characterize more infra rather than software. Another advantage to using accessor functions rather than direct access to slots via SLOT-VALUE is that they let you limit the ways outside code can modify a slot.8 It may be fine for users of the bank-account class to get the current balance, but you may want all modifications to the balance to go through other functions you’ll provide, such as deposit and withdraw. Since you don’t want to disturb that, the most common way to add custom initialization code is to define an :after method specialized on your class.6 For instance, suppose you want to add a slot account-type that needs to be set to one of the values :gold, :silver, or :bronze based on the account’s initial balance.
In Common Lisp a given object can have only one slot with a particular name. However, while an initform can be any Lisp expression, it has no access to the object being initialized, so it can’t initialize one slot based on the value of another. However, if you have less experience with object orientation, you may need to spend some time absorbing the object-oriented way of thinking. You can also use initforms that generate a different value each time they’re evaluated–the initform is evaluated anew for each object. And there will be times, when writing methods that implement the low-level behaviors of a class, that you may specifically want to access slots directly to set a slot that has no writer function or to get at the slot value without causing any auxiliary methods defined on the reader function to run. Before finalizing your reservation, double-check all details, including travel dates, flight times, hotel room types, and any additional services you may require. If you’re looking to turn your loose change into cash, you may have considered using a cash for coins machine.
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A second option, :initform, lets you specify a Lisp expression that will be used to compute a value for the slot if no :initarg argument is passed to MAKE-INSTANCE. The value of :allocation can be either :instance or :class and defaults to :instance if not specified. On the other hand, if an INITIALIZE-INSTANCE method specialized on a particular class does specify a &key parameter, that parameter becomes a legal parameter to MAKE-INSTANCE when creating an instance of that class. Between MAKE-INSTANCE and SLOT-VALUE, you have all the tools you need for creating and manipulating instances of your classes. By defining this INITIALIZE-INSTANCE method, you make :opening-bonus-percentage a legal argument to MAKE-INSTANCE when creating a bank-account object. Most of the time the combination of :initarg and :initform options will be sufficient to properly initialize an object. If you want to ensure that the customer name is supplied when the account is created, you can signal an error in the initform since it will be evaluated only if an initarg isn’t supplied. The primary method on INITIALIZE-INSTANCE specialized on STANDARD-OBJECT takes care of initializing slots based on their :initarg and :initform options.
